What are the two primary factors that contribute to pressure injuries?

The two primary factors that contribute to pressure injuries are pressure and shear. Pressure refers to the force exerted on the skin and underlying tissues when a person is seated or lying down for extended periods. This pressure impedes blood flow to the area, which can lead to tissue hypoxia, cellular damage, and ultimately pressure injuries.

Shear, on the other hand, occurs when the skin remains stationary while the underlying tissues move, such as when a patient is sliding down in a bed or chair. This can cause blood vessels to stretch or tear, further compromising blood flow and leading to tissue damage. Both pressure and shear work synergistically to increase the risk of developing pressure injuries, emphasizing the importance of addressing these factors in patient care.

Moisture, friction, heat, and cold can contribute to skin breakdown and complicate wound healing but are not considered the primary factors in the etiology of pressure injuries. Similarly, infection and dryness are important considerations in wound management, but they do not directly contribute to the formation of the injuries themselves. Understanding the roles of pressure and shear is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies in clinical practice.